TheJollyRotten
2011-09-09, 07:16 AM
Timeline
Forming of The Plane of Elemental chaos
* 1 billion years ago Chaos -Chaos is the only age that falls within the rule of Primordials,
Forming of The Material plane
4600 -542 million years ago Precambrian
542 - 488.3 million years ago Cambrian
488.7 - 443.5 million years ago Ordovician
450 million years ago: plants colonize the land. Sharks evolve.
420 million years ago: first creature took a breath of air
416 to 359.2 million years ago Devonian
400 million years ago: First insects.
359.2 - 299 million years ago Carboniferous
315 million years ago: the evolution of the first reptiles.
299 - 251 million years ago Permian Period
251.4 million years ago: Permian mass extinction.
250 - 200 million years ago Triassic
220 million years ago: first crocodilians
215 million years ago: first turtles
199.6 - 145.5 million years ago Jurassic
195 million years ago: first mammals.
145.5 - 65.5 million years Cretaceous
135 million years ago: First birds
.65 million years- Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event The non-avian dinosaurs died out
65.5 to 56 million years ago The Paleocene
60 million years ago: evolution of the first primates and rodents.
56 to 34 million years ago The Eocene
55 million years ago: First known bats.
49 million years ago: whales return to the water
34 million to 23 million years ago The Oligocene
34 million years ago: cats evolve
23.03 to 5.332 million years ago The Miocene
5.332 million to 2.588 million years The Pliocene
4.8 million years ago: The mammoth appears.
2,588,000 The Pleistocene
2.5 million years ago: Smilodon, the best known of the sabre-toothed cats, appears.
110,000 The begining of the last ice age during the last years of the Pleistocene, to approximately 18,000 years ago.
500,000 BC: Shelter construction
400,000 BC: Spear
200,000 BC: Glue
100,000 years ago: Domestication of dogs
75,000 years ago: Toba Volcano supereruption.
60,000 BC Bow and arrow.
36,000 BC: Cloth woven from flax fiber
35,000 BC: Flute
33,000 BC Shared cultures between Fey and humans.
31,000 years ago: Cave paintings
30,000 BC Alulim was the first king of Eridu, and the first king of Sumer, making him the first recorded king in the world. Enki, the god of Eridu, or his mortal son Adapa, are said to have brought civilization to Sumer at this point, or just shortly before.
28,000 BC: twisted Rope
27,000 years ago. End of shared cultures located around central and south western France, between Fey and humans.
22,000 years ago. No-humans believed to have become extinct in Europe.
20,000 years ago. Cultural evolution quickly outpaced biological evolution, and history proper began.
18,000 years ago. The last glacial period ends; rise of human civilization.
17880 Chaos gives birth to Gaia
17700 Gaia gives birth to Uranus
17500 Uranus rapes Gaia. The Hecatonchires, Cyclopes and the Titans are born.
17100 The Titans fight Uranus and eventually he is defeated by Cronus (Saturn). Cronus cuts off Uranus' genitals with a sickle and throws them towards Cythera. Aphrodite emerges naked from the sea and travels to Cyprus.
Hesiod's first age: The Golden Age of Mankind (17100BC-16740BC) The Golden Age is the only age that falls within the rule of Titans,
17050-16750 Cronus becomes ruler of Greece. Imprisons the Hecatonchires and Cyclopes in Tartarus, then organises the Titans giving each a dominion.
17030 BC Cronus is warned not to take Rhea as his wife or have children with her, otherwise one of his children will dethrone him. He ignores this and Rhea gives birth to Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus. Cronus swallows his children in order to avoid the prophesy but astone is substituted by Rhea in place of Zeus who is taken by his mother into hiding in Crete.
17030-16840 Zeus grows up in the Dictyan caves near Lato. When fully gown he makes Cronus drunk, causing him to vomit out his brothers and sisters.
16840 The Titanomachy
In Greek mythology, the Titanomachy, or War of the Titans, was the ten-year series of battles between the two camps of deities long before the existence of mankind: the Titans, based on Mount Othrys, and the Olympians, who would come to reign on Mount Olympus. This Titanomachia is also known as the Battle of the Titans, Battle of Gods, or just The Titan War.
After the youngest Titan, Cronus, overthrew his own father, Uranus, with the help of his mother Gaia. Cronus then castrated his father, took his throne, and released his fellow Titan siblings, who had been locked away in Tartarus under Uranus' tyrannical and selfish reign.
However, as Uranus was usurped, he made a prophecy that Cronus' own children would rebel against his rule and castrate and depose him just as he and his siblings had done to him. For fear of his unborn children rising against him, Cronus now turned into the terrible king his father Uranus had been fearing their strenght he re-imprisoned the Hecatonchires and Cyclopes in Tartarus.
After marrying from his wife (and sister) Rhea, he swallowed each of his children whole as they were born - Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, and Poseidon. Being immortal, this did not kill them, but they remained trapped inside him. Rhea grieved for the loss of her children. So, when she was close to giving birth to Zeus, she consulted with her parents Gaia and Uranus. They revealed the future to her, showing her how to thwart Cronus. When Cronus came to Rhea for their child, Rhea gave him instead a stone, wrapped in cloths. Not noticing, he swallowed the stone instead. Rhea brought Zeus to a cave on an abandoned island, where Zeus was raised.
When Zeus grew up, he went to one of Cronus' parties disguised as a fellow Titan, and gave Cronus some special potion, which caused Cronus to vomit up his swallowed siblings. Zeus then led his brothers and sisters in rebellion against the Titans.
Now the Olympians, led by Zeus, declared war against the previous generation of deities, the Titans. The Titans who fought were led by Cronus and included: Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, Atlas, and Menoetius. The Olympians (Zesus's siblings) led by Zeus. Additionally, the Hecatonchires, the Gigantes and Cyclopes, who had been imprisoned by Cronus, assisted in the revolt. The Hecatonchires helped the Olympians by hurling huge stones at the Titans. The Cyclopes helped by crafting Zeus' famous weapon, the lightning bolt.
Having at last won victory after a full decade of war, the Olympian gods divided the spoils between themselves, granting dominion of the heavens and sky to Zeus, the sea to Poseidon, and the underworld to Hades. The Olympians then shut the defeated Titans within Tartarus. However, since during the war Oceanus and the Titanides (female Titans), Thia, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, Hecate, Metis and Tethys, had remained neutral, they were not punished by Zeus. Some other Titans who were not imprisoned in Tartarus include: Atlas, Cronus, Epimetheus, Menoetius, and Prometheus. Zeus gave Atlas a different punishment. The sky, nearly collapsed onto the earth after the war because so much fighting had occurred below. As a result, Zeus condemned Atlas to hold up the heavens and sky for eternity. Epimetheus, Menoetius, and Prometheus switched sides and aided Zeus in the war therefore they were not punished. Cronus manage to flee after the war, thereby avoiding imprisonment in Tartarus. The Hecatonchires remained to guard over the prisoners of Tartarus.
16840 or 16740 Zeus takes his sister Hera as wife
16840-16740 Births of Hephaestus, Ares, Eris, Hebe.
16840 Inachus becomes king and judges that the land of the Peloponnese belongs to Hera
16740 Victory for Zeus. Cronus is exiled to Elysia or Sicily. Zeus rules the heavens, Poseidon the sea and Hades the underworld. The land is common to all of the Gods.
Hesiod's second age: The Silver Age of Mankind (1674BC-1628BC) - The Silver Age and every age that follows fall within the rule of The Gods.
In the silver age Zeus reduced the spring, and reconstructed the year into four seasons, so that men for the first time sought the shelter of houses and had to labor to supply their food.
The first seeds of grain were placed in the ground since now man had to gather their own food. A child grew up at his mother's side a hundred years, but adulthood lasted a short time.
Bridging the age when gods lived alone and the age when divine interference in human affairs was limited was a transitional age in which gods and mortals moved together. These were the early days of the world when the groups mingled more freely than they did later.
16740-67 Births of Apollo, Artemis, Hermes, Athena by different mothers.
16670 Prometheus is chained to the rocks after stealing the secret of fire from the Gods and giving it to man
16670 Zeus has affair with Io the daughter of Inachus and carries her off to Egypt where she marries Telegonus.
16640 Herakles the Dactyl holds the first Olympic Games
16590 Phoroneus son of Inachus, the first man, rules over the entire Peloponnese from Phronocium later to become Argos
16540 Epimetheus is given Pandora to be his wife. Pandora is given a jar as a wedding present and told not to open it. Pandora opens it and mankind suffers the consequences of disobedience.
16450 Epaphus the son of Io rules in Egypt.
16400 Gigantomachy The Battle of the Gods and Giants errupts and Porphyrion is defeated.
16280 Epaphus is murdered. The Titans attempt to regain power but fail. Atlas is punished by being made to carry the heavens on his shoulders. Typhon is defeated and imprisoned under a volcano.
16,000 years ago. Pottery
13,000 years ago. Beginning of the Holocene extinction generally from the impact of humans.
13,000 years ago. earliest evidence of human warfare.
Throughout more than 90% of Mankinds history, Humans lived in small bands as nomadic hunter-gatherers. As language became more complex, the ability to remember and communicate information resulted in a new replicator: the meme. Ideas could be exchanged quickly and passed down the generations.
10500-8000 BC: the Natufians, groups of sedentary hunter-gatherers in the western fertile crescent, developed a way of life that revolutionized the world; they lived in permanent 100 person villages (such as Nahal Oren), built wooden huts with stone foundations, harvested wild grains with flint sickles, and used grinding stones to process their harvests. Their cities included the city of Jericho. They lived in semi-subterranean, semi-circle houses.
10,000 years ago. Holocene —Dire Wolf, Smilodon, Giant Beaver, Ground Sloth, Giant Imperial Mammoth, Woolly Mammoth, Mastodons, Giant Short-Faced Bear, American Cheetah, Scimitar Cats (Homotherium), American Camels, American Horses, and American Lions all become extinct.
10,000 BC Earliest settlers arrive in Ireland, in the Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age period. They cross by land bridge from Scotland. These people are mainly hunters but they did not war as they were still worshipers of the Great Goddess. Retreat of ice and warming of climate in Wales. Nomadic hunter gatherers in Anglesey and Lleyn.
End of the Paleolithic Period, All continents (except Antarctica) inhabited, Agriculture and the domestication of animals begins.
9600 BC. Atlantis was a naval power that conquered many parts of Western Europe and Africa.
9564 BC: Destruction of Atlantis the Atlantean priesthood flee to establish colonies in the British Isles, Western Europe, North Africa and South America. Rise of the Northern Mystery Tradition centered on the island Thule and the Aryan culture. Invention of the Runic Alphabet.
9500 BC; First building phase of the temple complex at Göbekli Tepe.
9000 BC Earliest walled city (Jericho)
9000 BC: settlements (such as Karim Shahir) in the Zagros Mountains, in the northern portions of the Tigris and Euphrates River valleys, began farming; they domesticated dogs and, instead of harvesting wild grains, domesticated barley, emmer, wheat, and vegetables.
8500 - 7000 years ago, humans in the Fertile Crescent in Middle East began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals: agriculture. This spread to neighboring regions, and developed independently elsewhere, until most Humans lived sedentary lives in permanent settlements as farmers.
Not all societies abandoned nomadism, especially those in isolated areas of the globe poor in domesticable plant species, such as Australia. However, among those civilizations that did adopt agriculture, the relative stability and increased productivity provided by farming allowed the population to expand.
Agriculture had a major impact; humans began to affect the environment as never before. Surplus food allowed a priestly or governing class to arise, followed by increasing division of labor. This led to Earth’s first civilization at Sumer in the Middle East
8000-6000 BC: Kiffian culture
7000 BC: ancient Mesopotamians ("between the rivers") developed the first large populated permanent settlements (such as Jarmo and Jericho); they lived in mud brick multi-room houses with mud ovens, used pottery, traded with other villages in the fertile crescent, and domesticated goats, sheep, and pigs.
6000 BC: the Hassuna cultures lived in organized villages with a social courtyard containing a religious shrine, surrounded by mud brick houses, and around the villages were five foot thick walls with community grain or water storage towers; they introduced irrigation for farming, canals for trade, decorated pottery, and lead or copper beads.
5800 BC: Beginning of the Dadiwan culture in China.
5500 BC: Agriculture started in Ancient Egypt.
5500 BC: the Halafian cultures were the first to specialize labor and have cobblestone roads; they were the first to use the potter's wheel and the Kiln to make pottery with brilliantly colored realistic pictures and shapes.
4500-2500 BC: Tenerians culture,
4000 BC: Syrian and Arabian nomads raided southern Mesopotamia, they were eventually absorbed into the Ubadian population.
4000-3200 BC: the Ubaidian cultures made pottery decorated with wave patterns using the potter's wheel; they established many farming settlements including Eridu, Uruk, Adab, Isin, Kish, Kullab, Lagash, Larsa, Nippur, and Ur. They lived in lower Mesopotamia.
The Ubaidian settlements emerged as small village communities in the foothills surrounding great river valleys; because they lived close to each other the control over water streams, harvest, and domestication became easier to control and caused increased food production.
As food production increased it was able to supply larger communities and the villages grew into cities, civilization first emerged; cities were the foundation of civilization because with them came other civilizing elements including religious cults, political systems, written language, and monumental architecture.
4000 years ago. Domestication of the horse
4000 BC In Brittain earliest-known camps or communities appear,which are believed to be Druidic.
3600 years ago. In Egypt, mummification around this time in Hierankopolis.
3700 Beginning of the Early Minoan period on Crete
3500 BC: the Sumerians, a nomadic people from the Armenian Plateau northeast of Mesopotamia, migrated into Mesopotamia and intermingled with the population; they brought with them horse-drawn chariots and metallurgy used to make copper helmets and spears.
Under the Sumerians the old cities developed into city-states, governed by a theocratic assembly of priests and, because priests knew what the gods "wanted," they were very influential to the city-states; religion was also important in architecture because the most important building in each city-state was the ziggurat, the temple (or home) of the patron god of that city-state.
The Sumerian city-states were in constant competition with each other, even if by war; despite wars, the governments of the city-states generally maintained friendly relations because, they as aristocrats, held a special bond as the elite of a people who shared a common religion, language, and culture.
3500 - 3000 BC First appearance of long barrows and chambered tombs; at Hambledon Hill (Dorset), the primitive burial rite known as "corpse exposure" was practiced, wherein bodies were left in the open air to decompose or be consumed by animals and birds.
3200 BC: a writing system was developed in order to keep administrative records; it was called cuneiform and was made up of pictograms (pictures) describing objects and ideograms describing ideas or actions.
The invention of writing enabled complex societies to arise: record-keeping and libraries served as a storehouse of knowledge and increased the cultural transmission of information. Humans no longer had to spend all their time working for survival—curiosity and education drove the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom.
3100 years ago. The earliest phase of Stonehenge construction begins.
2800 BC: Etana became the first Sumerian monarch and established the Kish dynasty; he put northern Mesopotamia under his control, built the first monumental building as his palace, and called himself king of the "four quarters of the world"; Meskiaggasher established the Uruk dynasty and controlled most of the south.
2800-2670 BC: the Kish dynasty established a powerful kingship and because it was situated at a critical spot on the Euphrates river it controlled irrigation flow to the southern city-states and thus kept the Uruk dynasty, in the south, under control.
2900 BC: because the city-states were at constant war, they needed a strong military leader to oversee war and large building projects; they began to replace theocracies with hereditary monarchies and according to ancient tablets, "the kingship came down from heaven."
2750 BC: Enmerkar succeeded his father Meskiaggasher as king of Uruk; he and his general Lugalbanda (who also succeeded Enmerkar as king) conquered Aratta, a city in northeastern Mesopotamia and marked the decreasing power of Kish in the north; their deeds formed the basis of the Lugalbanda Epic.
2700 BC: Mesoamericans begin to plant and domesticate corn.
2700 BC: Gilgamesh, grandson of Enmerkar, became king of Uruk; he constructed the brick walls around Uruk and his deeds formed the basis of the Gilgamesh Epic; Enmebaragesi became king of Kish, he ordered the construction of the Temple of Enlil at Nippur, which became the spiritual center of Sumer, and he led victorious campaigns against Elam.
2670 years ago. Mesanepada established the Ur dynasty; he defeated Agga, king of Kish, which ended the Kish dynasty, and put the Uruk and Ur dynasties simultaneously in power.
2670-2370 years ago. the Uruk dynasty became weak from constant attacks in the north which only strengthened the power of the Ur dynasty in the south.
2640 years ago. The cultivation and weaving of silk starts to be a closely guarded secret in China.
2600 years ago. Mature Harappan phase of the Indus Valley Civilization begins. The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro become large metropolises and the civilization expands to over 2,500 cities and settlements across the whole of Pakistan, much of northern India, and parts of Afghanistan and Iran, covering a region of around one million square miles, which was larger than the land area of its contemporaries Egypt and Mesopotamia combined, and also had superior urban planning and sewage systems. The civilization began using the mature Indus script for its writing system.
2600 years ago. Use of skis
2600 years ago. Bactrian Camel and Dromedary are domesticated
2600 years ago. Completion of the Great Pyramid of Giza
2525 years ago. Lugalannemudu of Adab, a city in the north, united northern Sumer under his control; his power quickly passed to Mesilim, king of Kish; these conquests by the northern city-states ended the Uruk dynasty and put the Ur dynasty in complete power.
2500 years ago. the construction of the stone circle at Stonehenge begins and continues for the next five hundred years.
2425 years ago. Eannatum established the Lagash dynasty; he united Sumer under his control, called himself king of Kish, and conquered much neighboring territory.
2452 years ago.Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, a group of legendary rulers in Ancient China.
2370 years ago. Urukagina of became king of Lagash; he enacted many social reforms and during his reign Lugalzagesi, king of Umma, defeated him and took control of Sumer, which went into a state of civil strife.
2350 years ago. Sargon I, a Kish general, usurped and became king of Kish; he defeated Lugalzagesi and took control of Sumer, built his capital at Akkad and established the Akkadian dynasty, he centralized trade, made his daughter priestess of Ur, repaired the irrigation systems, and created the first professional army of 5400 men.
2250 years ago. Manituu, son of Sargon I, became king of Akkad; he defeated "32 cities in Iran," the Elamites, and the many other city-states which tested his military strength.
2240 years ago. Akkad, capital of the Akkadian Empire, becomes the largest city in the world, surpassing Memphis, capital of Egypt.
2230 years ago. Naram-Sin, grandson of Sargon I, became king of Akkad; he extended the empire to "the four quarters of the world" and was the first king to deify himself.
2218 years ago. the Gutians, a group of nomadic peoples east of Mesopotamia, swept through Mesopotamia, destroyed Akkad, and conquered Sumer; in the ancient writings Curse of Akkad, Naram-Sin angered the god Enlil, who made the Gutians attack.
2181 years ago. Seventh and Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
2160 years ago. Ninth Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Akhtoy Meryibtowe
2144 years ago. Gudea became king of Lagash; despite Gutian rule of Sumer he took control of southern Mesopotamia, encouraged literature, and initiated religious constructions; after his death he was deified and many magnificent statues were produced in his honor.
2130 years ago. Tenth Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Meryhathor
2134 years ago. Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Mentuhotep I
2120 years ago. Utuhegal became king of Uruk; he and his general, Ur-Nammu, defeated the Gutians and drove them from Sumer; Utuhegal rewarded Ur-Nammu by making him governor of Ur.
2113 BC: Ur-Nammu established the 3rd Ur dynasty and declared himself king of Sumer and Akkad; he defeated Utuhegal, king of Uruk, and Nammahani, king of Lagash, united Sumer under his rule, constructed many temples, and established the first code of laws which emphasized the king's duty to protect the people against injustice.
2104 BC – The Ogygian Deluge occurs.
2095 BC: Shulgi succeeded his father Ur-Nammu as king of Ur; during his reign their was a drastic water shortage, he reorganized irrigation systems and encouraged economic records on clay tablets.
2037 BC—Emperor Shen Nong makes first (perhaps mythical) tea drink by boiling fresh leaves
2004 BC: the Elamites, a group of nomadic peoples in the north, invaded Sumer; they destroyed Ur, captured Ibbi-Sin, the king of Ur, ended the 3rd Ur Dynasty, and sent Sumer into civil strife; regular imports of tin from Britain began to go throughout Europe and the Middle East, making the use of bronze to make tools and weapons possible.
2000 BC: completion of Stonehenge.
2000 BC – Glass appears.
1900 BC. First Minoan palace built at Knossos c.
1900 BC: the Amorites, a group of nomadic peoples from Syria encouraged by the internal strife, invaded and conquered Sumer; they intermingled with the Sumerians and obtained many high positions, including becoming kings of cities, the most powerful being the Isin dynasty.
1894: Sumu-abum, an Amorite, conquered a small portion of land in middle Mesopotamia; he built up the small village of Babylon and there ruled as king.
1823 BC: Rim-Sin, an Amorite, became king of Larsa; he conquered Isin, ending its reign of power, and united Sumer under the rule of the Larsa dynasty.
1792 BC: Hammurabi, an Amorite, became king of Babylon; he defeated Rim-Sin, conquered Mesopotamia, and established the Babylon Dynasty; he oversaw navigation, irrigation, agriculture, tax collection, construction, cleared block rivers, punished dishonest officials, reformed the calendar, and codified the Sumerian laws in the Code of Hammurabi with its primary idea, "an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth."
1750 BC: Samsu-iluna succeeded his father Hammurabi as king of Babylon; he defeated the first invasion of Babylonia by the Kassites, a group of nomadic peoples from the east.
1740 and 1450 BC Shaft tombs at Mycenae constructed
1700 BC Palace at Knossos destroyed c. then rebuilt
(14 royal tombs at Mycenae date between 1650-1550 BC. Thera volcano erupts in 1628 BC. Minoan palace at Knossos destroyed by earthquakes c.1600 BC.)
Hesiod's third age: The First Brazen Age of Mankind (1628BC-1472BC)
Men of the Bronze Age were hard. War was their purpose and passion. Not only arms and tools, but their very homes were forged of bronze. The men of this age were undone by their own violent ways and left no named spirits but dwell in the "dank house of Hades". It came to an end with the flood of Deucalion.
1628 Zeus seduces Niobe the daughter of Phoroneus (first of Zeus affairs with mortal women)
1628 Car the son of Phoroneus founds the city of Megara
1628 Apis rules over the Peloponnese and Egypt
1607 Argus the grandson of Phoroneus founds the city of Argos
(Achaean invaders reach region of Mycenae c.1600 BC)
1595 BC: the Hittites swept through Babylonia, took prisoners, and looted wealth; they brought with them the use of iron, which was used to make spears and battle axes; the Kassites proceeded the Hittites, conquered Babylonia, and established the Kassite dynasty.
1572 Criasus the son of Argus becomes king of Argos. Peiras his brother, founds the first temple of Hera in Argolis.
1570 BC: Agum, a Kassite, became king of Babylonia; he reconquered lost lands and extended his control over all Mesopotamia.
1527 Lelex is the first king in Lacedaemonia.
1517 Pelasgus rules over Arcadia.
1510 Polycaon son of Lelex rules in Messenia and Myles rules in Sparta.
1488-1460 Lycaon provokes the Gods anger by murdering his son Nyctimus and serving him up to the Gods.
1488 Danaus flees from Aegyptus to Rhodes then takes Pelasgian Argos
(c.1480 BC Tutmoses III campaigns in Asia-Minor. His inscriptions mention receiving tribute from the Danaioi)
1487 Lycaon king of Arkadia, introduces Zeus cult
1484 Cecrops king of Athens introduces Zeus cult
1472 Danaus becomes king of Argos in the Peloponnese after Gelanor steps down
Hesiod's fourth age: The Heroic or Second Brazen Age (1460BC-1103BC) - In this period men lived with noble demigods and heroes.
The monumental events of Heracles are regarded as the dawn of the age of heroes. To the Heroic Age are also ascribed three great events: the Argonautic expedition, the Theban Cycle and the Trojan War.
Before the Hellenic Wars
1460 A flood is sent by Zeus to destroy all of mankind after Lycaon outrages the Gods. Deucalion and his family escape in an Ark, which Prometheus tells him to build.
1450 BC—Minoan Second Palace period ends and Late Minoan culture starts.
(Mycenaean’s conquer Minoans in Crete c.1450 BC. Earthquake destroys city of Knossos c.1450 BC. Palace is rebuilt and used until c.1380 BC)
1440 Dardanus founds Troy after being given a share in the kingdom of Teucer king of Phrygia
(Tudhaliya II is king of the Hittites from 1460-1440)
1438 Zeus violates Europe, birth of Minos
1437 BC—King Erichthonius I of Athens dies after a reign of 50 years and is succeeded by his son Pandion I
1437 Cadmus colonises Boeotia and founds Thebes.
1421 Minos I becomes king of Crete
1420 BC—Crete conquered by Mycenae start of the Mycenaean period.
1420 Dionysus the son of Zeus and Semele daughter of Cadmus is born
1420 Persephone the daughter of Demeter is abducted by Hades
1410 Olympic Games held 50 years after the flood
1404 Dionysus is entertained by Amphyction king of Athens
1400 Cinyras the son of Paphos the son of Pygmalion the son of Belus funds the city of Paphos in Cyprus
(Cyprus is conquered by the Mycenaean’s and Minoan colony wiped out c.1400)
1400 BC—Estimation: Thebes, capital of Egypt becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Memphis in Egypt.
1399 Erichthonius now rules at Athens
1399 Erichthonius rules at Troy
1397 Pandion I, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 40 years and is succeeded by his son Erechtheus II of Athens.
1386 Dionysus known as Tauro Kranos restores Ammon as king of Egypt then conquers Damascus and all of India.
(Amenhotep III reigns in Egypt from 1386-1349 and refers to Greek cities such including Amyclae in his records, Aryan invaders destroy Indus Valley civilisation c.1400, Tudhaliya III rules the Hittites 1400-1380 BC.)
1386 Dionysus drives Pentheus the king of Thebes to madness
1385 Cadmus leaves Thebes and goes to Illyria
1377 Tectemus the son of Dorus founds colony in Crete and fathers Asterius
(Second Mycenaean wave of colonisation in Crete puts and end to Minoan palace civilisation c.1400 BC)
1375 Minoan culture ends on Crete.
1375 Site of palace complex Knossos is abandoned.
1374 Pandion becomes king of Athens
1370 Athamas rules over Boeotia
1368 Death of Erichthonius, King of Dardania.
1365 Perseus son of Danae by Zeus is born
1363 Apollo fathers Asclepius by Coronis, daughter of Phlegyas
1360 Epopeus king of Sicyon at war with Thebes
1357 Pandions daughter Philomela marries Tereus king of Thrace to form alliance against Theban king Labdacus
1354 Erechtheus becomes king of Athens
1345 Phrixus while a boy is taken to Colchis by a Golden Lamb
1344 Pegasus the winged horse born from Medusa's blood after she is slain by Perseus
1342-1320 The children of Perseus and Andromeda are born
(Fortress of Mycenae built between 1400 and 1200)
1341 Perseus accidentally kills his grandfather Acrisius at funeral Games of King Teutamides father
1336 Aetolus conquers Aetolia after murdering Dorus the son of Phthia and his brothers
1333 Bellerophon goes to king Proetus court to be purified
1329 Cecrops the eldest son of Erechtheus is chosen by Xuthus to become king of Athens
1325 Amphion kills Lycus and becomes king of Thebes
1323 BC—Death of Pharaoh Tutankhamun of Egypt.
1320 Melampus the seer cures the madness of the Argive women and receives one third of Proetus kingdom and his brother Bias another third. First temple built to Dionysus.
1315-1264 Pelops the son of Tantalus king of Phrygia and Lydia flees Asia Minor and rules in Pisa and Olympia
(Mursilis II king of the Hittites dies in 1315 BC)
1314 Pelops sister Niobe marries Amphion king of Thebes
1314 Pelops holds Olympic Games
1314 The Argonauts Calais and Zetes are born to Oreithyia and Boreas
1314 Pelops marries Hippodamia
1310 Electryon becomes king of Mycenae
1309 BC—Cecrops II, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 40 years and is succeeded by his son Pandion II. Pandion II was later driven into exile from Athens by the sons of Cecrops II's brother (or possibly nephew) Metion, so that Metion could take power. Pandion II fled to Megara, where he married the King's daughter and eventually inherited the throne. After his death, Pandion II's sons returned to Athens and drove out the sons of Metion.
1309 Pandion becomes king of Athens and is expelled by the sons of Metion
1301 Oebalus becomes the second husband of Gorgophone the daughter of Perseus
1300 Laius caries off Chrysippus the son of Pelops and Astyoche
1299 Minos II the grandson of Minos becomes king of Crete after Asterius dies
1290 Procris leaves her husband and is seduced by Minos in Crete
1286-1264 Sthenelus takes throne of Mycenae after Amphitryon kills Electryon son of Perseus
February 10 1286 Heracles is conceived when Zeus extends one night into three
November 4 1286 Heracles is born nine months later and named Palaemon
1285 Heracles strangles 2 serpents sent by Hera
1285 Asclepius is born to Arsinoe, the daughter of Leucippus
1284 Aegeus regains Athens from the sons of Metion
1283 Bias of Priene killed by his nephew Pylas
1282 BC—Pandion II, legendary King of Athens, dies after a nominal reign of 25 years. He reportedly only reigned in Megara while Athens and the rest of Attica were under the control of an alliance of Nobles led by his uncle Metion (son of Erechtheus of Athens) and his sons (including in some accounts Daedalus). His four sons lead a successful military campaign to regain the throne. Aegeus becomes King of Athens, Nisos reigns in Megara, Lykos in Euboea and Pallas in southern Attica.
The monumental events of Heracles are regarded as the dawn of the age of heroes. To the Heroic Age are also ascribed three great events: the Argonautic expedition, the Theban Cycle and the Trojan War.
1282 Aeacus helps Poseidon build the walls of Troy for Laodamaon now king of Troy
1274 Pelias imprisons Aeson and takes the throne after the birth of Jason
1271 Theseus is born
1270 Aegeus accidentally kills Minos son Androgeus at Games held in honour of Laius king of Thebes and is forced to pay a tribute of 7 Athenian boys and girls every 9 years
1270 All of Greece plagued by earthquakes and famine due to Pelops murder of Stymphalus or the Athenians murder of Androgeus and Aeacus is sent to pray for deliverance.
1269 Atreus and Thyestes march against Laius the king of Thebes
1269-1235 Oedipus kills Laius the king of Thebes and marries his own mother Iocasta
1268 Heracles lies with Thespius 50 daughters and kills the Lion of Cithaeron
1264 Heracles marries Megara after defeating the Minyans while Creon is king of Thebes in place of Laius
1258-1246 The Labours of Heracles take place while Eurystheus is king of Mycenae
1253 Herakles brings back Alcestis the wife of Admetus from death
1252 Theseus kills the Minotaur at the centre of the Labyrinth built by Daedelus
1251 The Caledonian Boar hunt
1248 Heracles goes to Hades to bring back Cerberus
1247 The nine Muses who said to be the daughters of Peirus the Macedonian engage in a musical contest with Thamyris
1247 The marriage of Peleus to his second wife Thetis
1246 The birth of Achilles
1246 The 4 month long voyage of Jason and the Argonauts
1246 BC Heracles shot and killed the eagle that tortured Prometheus (which was his punishment by Zeus for stealing fire from the gods and giving it to mortals). Heracles freed the Titan from his chains and his torments. Prometheus then made predictions regarding further deeds of Heracles.
1246-1243 Heracles is sold as a slave to Omphale after killing Iphitus
1246 Eumolpus is victorious in the flute contest at Pelias funeral games
1245 Orpheus tries to rescue Euridice from Hades
1243 Heracles sacks Troy and puts a young Priam on the throne
(Troy VII destroyed c.1250 BC)
1243-1238 Heracles settles old scores in the Peloponnese
1242 Heracles conquers Elis and establishes Olympic Games. Polydeuces is champion Boxer.
1241 Heracles places Nestor who is still a boy on the throne of Messenia after killing his brothers and father king Neleus of Pylos for helping the Elians
1240 Heracles defeats the sons of Hippocoon and restores the throne of Sparta to Tyndareus
1239 Heracles leaves the Peloponnese and marries Deianira
1238 Hyllus is born
1236 Medea flees from Corinth after murdering Glauce the daughter of Creon
1235 Heracles exiled to Thrachis after killing one of Oeneus kinsmen
1234 Nessus carries of Deianira and is killed by Herakles with a poison arrow
1233 The births Clytemnestra & Helen to Tyndareus and Leda (Last of Zeus's affairs with mortals)
1232 Cheiron accidentally shot in the foot while entertaining Herakles and Achilles his student, forcing him to give up his immortality
1230 The birth of Paris. Laius becomes father of Odysseus.
1229 Heracles kills Cycnus the son of Ares
1227 Prophecy revealed from Oracle of Dodona that Heracles would die in 15 months after carrying off Iole
August 12 1226 Heracles dies and becomes a god
The Hellenic Wars
1225 The seven make war against Thebes
1225 BC: Tukulti-Ninurta I, king of Assyria in northern Mesopotamia, captured Babylon and extended his rule through northern Mesopotamia; although the Kassite dynasty continued to rule, it was only nominal.
1140 BC: Shutruk-Nahhunte I, king of Elam, captured Babylon; he ended the Kassite dynasty and placed his son Shilhak-Inshushinak on the throne; he encouraged sculpture and literature.
1224 Theseus captures Thebes and buries the bodies of the seven which were left unburied by Creon.
1223 Eurystheus defeated by Theseus and beheaded by Hyllus the son of Herakles
March 5 1223 Atreus takes the throne of Mycenae
1221 Theseus abducts Helen when she is 12 years old and he is 50 and spends 4 years in Tartarus after Helens brothers the Dioscuri capture Athens
1220 Castor, Polydeuces and Idas and Lynceus begin feuding
1218 After several bad harvests Atreus is slain by 7 year old Aeigisthus and Thyestes takes the throne of Mycenae
1215 Agamemnon is restored as king Mycenae by Thyestes.
1215 The Epigoni attack Thebes
1213 Herakles mother Alcmene dies at the age of about 90
1213 The Beauty contest. Menelaus marries Helen.
1207 Theseus is freed from Tartatrus by Heracles and returns to Athens.
1207 The Heraklids attack the Peloponnese.
1206 Theseus, legendary King of Athens, is deposed after a reign of 30 years and succeeded by Menestheus, great-grandson of Erichthonius II of Athens and second cousin of Theseus' father Aegeus. Menestheus is reportedly assisted by Castor and Polydeuces of Sparta, who want to reclaim their sister Helen from her first husband Theseus. Theseus seeks refuge in Skyros, whose King Lycomedes is an old friend and ally. Lycomedes, however, considers his visitor a threat to the throne and proceeds to assassinate him.
1203 Hyllus the son of Herakles is slain at the Isthmus of Corinth while fighting in single combat against Echemus
1203 Helen is abducted by Paris.
1201 First Gathering at Aulis
1193 Second Gathering at Aulis. The attempted sacrifice of Iphigenia.
1191 BC—Menestheus, King of Athens, dies during the Trojan War after a reign of 23 years and is succeeded by his nephew Demophon, a son of Theseus.
1184 BC—April 24, the traditional date of the fall of Troy.
Johann Georg Trautmann (1713–1769): Blick auf das brennende Troja Oil on canvas, 54,5 x 68 cm. From the collections of the granddukes of Baden, Karlsruhe
The Trojan War was a war waged against the city of Troy in Asia Minor, by the armies of the Greeks, after Paris of Troy stole Helen from her husband Menelaus, king of Sparta.
The war sprang from a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Hera and Aphrodite, after the goddess Eris ("Discord") gave them a golden apple with the inscription "to the fairest" ( known as the apple of Discord) at the wedding feast of Peleus and Thetis. The goddesses went to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as the "fairest", should receive the apple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful of all women, fall in love with Paris, who took her to Troy. Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, and the brother of Menelaus, led an expedition of Hellenic troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years. After the deaths of many heroes, including the Greeks Achilles and Ajax, and the Trojans Hector and Paris, the city fell to the ruse of the Trojan Horse. The Greeks mercilessly slaughtered the Trojans and desecrated the temples, thus earning the gods' wrath. Few returned to their homes and many founded colonies in distant shores.
Jan 12 1183 The return and murder of Agamemnon
Forming of The Plane of Elemental chaos
* 1 billion years ago Chaos -Chaos is the only age that falls within the rule of Primordials,
Forming of The Material plane
4600 -542 million years ago Precambrian
542 - 488.3 million years ago Cambrian
488.7 - 443.5 million years ago Ordovician
450 million years ago: plants colonize the land. Sharks evolve.
420 million years ago: first creature took a breath of air
416 to 359.2 million years ago Devonian
400 million years ago: First insects.
359.2 - 299 million years ago Carboniferous
315 million years ago: the evolution of the first reptiles.
299 - 251 million years ago Permian Period
251.4 million years ago: Permian mass extinction.
250 - 200 million years ago Triassic
220 million years ago: first crocodilians
215 million years ago: first turtles
199.6 - 145.5 million years ago Jurassic
195 million years ago: first mammals.
145.5 - 65.5 million years Cretaceous
135 million years ago: First birds
.65 million years- Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event The non-avian dinosaurs died out
65.5 to 56 million years ago The Paleocene
60 million years ago: evolution of the first primates and rodents.
56 to 34 million years ago The Eocene
55 million years ago: First known bats.
49 million years ago: whales return to the water
34 million to 23 million years ago The Oligocene
34 million years ago: cats evolve
23.03 to 5.332 million years ago The Miocene
5.332 million to 2.588 million years The Pliocene
4.8 million years ago: The mammoth appears.
2,588,000 The Pleistocene
2.5 million years ago: Smilodon, the best known of the sabre-toothed cats, appears.
110,000 The begining of the last ice age during the last years of the Pleistocene, to approximately 18,000 years ago.
500,000 BC: Shelter construction
400,000 BC: Spear
200,000 BC: Glue
100,000 years ago: Domestication of dogs
75,000 years ago: Toba Volcano supereruption.
60,000 BC Bow and arrow.
36,000 BC: Cloth woven from flax fiber
35,000 BC: Flute
33,000 BC Shared cultures between Fey and humans.
31,000 years ago: Cave paintings
30,000 BC Alulim was the first king of Eridu, and the first king of Sumer, making him the first recorded king in the world. Enki, the god of Eridu, or his mortal son Adapa, are said to have brought civilization to Sumer at this point, or just shortly before.
28,000 BC: twisted Rope
27,000 years ago. End of shared cultures located around central and south western France, between Fey and humans.
22,000 years ago. No-humans believed to have become extinct in Europe.
20,000 years ago. Cultural evolution quickly outpaced biological evolution, and history proper began.
18,000 years ago. The last glacial period ends; rise of human civilization.
17880 Chaos gives birth to Gaia
17700 Gaia gives birth to Uranus
17500 Uranus rapes Gaia. The Hecatonchires, Cyclopes and the Titans are born.
17100 The Titans fight Uranus and eventually he is defeated by Cronus (Saturn). Cronus cuts off Uranus' genitals with a sickle and throws them towards Cythera. Aphrodite emerges naked from the sea and travels to Cyprus.
Hesiod's first age: The Golden Age of Mankind (17100BC-16740BC) The Golden Age is the only age that falls within the rule of Titans,
17050-16750 Cronus becomes ruler of Greece. Imprisons the Hecatonchires and Cyclopes in Tartarus, then organises the Titans giving each a dominion.
17030 BC Cronus is warned not to take Rhea as his wife or have children with her, otherwise one of his children will dethrone him. He ignores this and Rhea gives birth to Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus. Cronus swallows his children in order to avoid the prophesy but astone is substituted by Rhea in place of Zeus who is taken by his mother into hiding in Crete.
17030-16840 Zeus grows up in the Dictyan caves near Lato. When fully gown he makes Cronus drunk, causing him to vomit out his brothers and sisters.
16840 The Titanomachy
In Greek mythology, the Titanomachy, or War of the Titans, was the ten-year series of battles between the two camps of deities long before the existence of mankind: the Titans, based on Mount Othrys, and the Olympians, who would come to reign on Mount Olympus. This Titanomachia is also known as the Battle of the Titans, Battle of Gods, or just The Titan War.
After the youngest Titan, Cronus, overthrew his own father, Uranus, with the help of his mother Gaia. Cronus then castrated his father, took his throne, and released his fellow Titan siblings, who had been locked away in Tartarus under Uranus' tyrannical and selfish reign.
However, as Uranus was usurped, he made a prophecy that Cronus' own children would rebel against his rule and castrate and depose him just as he and his siblings had done to him. For fear of his unborn children rising against him, Cronus now turned into the terrible king his father Uranus had been fearing their strenght he re-imprisoned the Hecatonchires and Cyclopes in Tartarus.
After marrying from his wife (and sister) Rhea, he swallowed each of his children whole as they were born - Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, and Poseidon. Being immortal, this did not kill them, but they remained trapped inside him. Rhea grieved for the loss of her children. So, when she was close to giving birth to Zeus, she consulted with her parents Gaia and Uranus. They revealed the future to her, showing her how to thwart Cronus. When Cronus came to Rhea for their child, Rhea gave him instead a stone, wrapped in cloths. Not noticing, he swallowed the stone instead. Rhea brought Zeus to a cave on an abandoned island, where Zeus was raised.
When Zeus grew up, he went to one of Cronus' parties disguised as a fellow Titan, and gave Cronus some special potion, which caused Cronus to vomit up his swallowed siblings. Zeus then led his brothers and sisters in rebellion against the Titans.
Now the Olympians, led by Zeus, declared war against the previous generation of deities, the Titans. The Titans who fought were led by Cronus and included: Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, Atlas, and Menoetius. The Olympians (Zesus's siblings) led by Zeus. Additionally, the Hecatonchires, the Gigantes and Cyclopes, who had been imprisoned by Cronus, assisted in the revolt. The Hecatonchires helped the Olympians by hurling huge stones at the Titans. The Cyclopes helped by crafting Zeus' famous weapon, the lightning bolt.
Having at last won victory after a full decade of war, the Olympian gods divided the spoils between themselves, granting dominion of the heavens and sky to Zeus, the sea to Poseidon, and the underworld to Hades. The Olympians then shut the defeated Titans within Tartarus. However, since during the war Oceanus and the Titanides (female Titans), Thia, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, Hecate, Metis and Tethys, had remained neutral, they were not punished by Zeus. Some other Titans who were not imprisoned in Tartarus include: Atlas, Cronus, Epimetheus, Menoetius, and Prometheus. Zeus gave Atlas a different punishment. The sky, nearly collapsed onto the earth after the war because so much fighting had occurred below. As a result, Zeus condemned Atlas to hold up the heavens and sky for eternity. Epimetheus, Menoetius, and Prometheus switched sides and aided Zeus in the war therefore they were not punished. Cronus manage to flee after the war, thereby avoiding imprisonment in Tartarus. The Hecatonchires remained to guard over the prisoners of Tartarus.
16840 or 16740 Zeus takes his sister Hera as wife
16840-16740 Births of Hephaestus, Ares, Eris, Hebe.
16840 Inachus becomes king and judges that the land of the Peloponnese belongs to Hera
16740 Victory for Zeus. Cronus is exiled to Elysia or Sicily. Zeus rules the heavens, Poseidon the sea and Hades the underworld. The land is common to all of the Gods.
Hesiod's second age: The Silver Age of Mankind (1674BC-1628BC) - The Silver Age and every age that follows fall within the rule of The Gods.
In the silver age Zeus reduced the spring, and reconstructed the year into four seasons, so that men for the first time sought the shelter of houses and had to labor to supply their food.
The first seeds of grain were placed in the ground since now man had to gather their own food. A child grew up at his mother's side a hundred years, but adulthood lasted a short time.
Bridging the age when gods lived alone and the age when divine interference in human affairs was limited was a transitional age in which gods and mortals moved together. These were the early days of the world when the groups mingled more freely than they did later.
16740-67 Births of Apollo, Artemis, Hermes, Athena by different mothers.
16670 Prometheus is chained to the rocks after stealing the secret of fire from the Gods and giving it to man
16670 Zeus has affair with Io the daughter of Inachus and carries her off to Egypt where she marries Telegonus.
16640 Herakles the Dactyl holds the first Olympic Games
16590 Phoroneus son of Inachus, the first man, rules over the entire Peloponnese from Phronocium later to become Argos
16540 Epimetheus is given Pandora to be his wife. Pandora is given a jar as a wedding present and told not to open it. Pandora opens it and mankind suffers the consequences of disobedience.
16450 Epaphus the son of Io rules in Egypt.
16400 Gigantomachy The Battle of the Gods and Giants errupts and Porphyrion is defeated.
16280 Epaphus is murdered. The Titans attempt to regain power but fail. Atlas is punished by being made to carry the heavens on his shoulders. Typhon is defeated and imprisoned under a volcano.
16,000 years ago. Pottery
13,000 years ago. Beginning of the Holocene extinction generally from the impact of humans.
13,000 years ago. earliest evidence of human warfare.
Throughout more than 90% of Mankinds history, Humans lived in small bands as nomadic hunter-gatherers. As language became more complex, the ability to remember and communicate information resulted in a new replicator: the meme. Ideas could be exchanged quickly and passed down the generations.
10500-8000 BC: the Natufians, groups of sedentary hunter-gatherers in the western fertile crescent, developed a way of life that revolutionized the world; they lived in permanent 100 person villages (such as Nahal Oren), built wooden huts with stone foundations, harvested wild grains with flint sickles, and used grinding stones to process their harvests. Their cities included the city of Jericho. They lived in semi-subterranean, semi-circle houses.
10,000 years ago. Holocene —Dire Wolf, Smilodon, Giant Beaver, Ground Sloth, Giant Imperial Mammoth, Woolly Mammoth, Mastodons, Giant Short-Faced Bear, American Cheetah, Scimitar Cats (Homotherium), American Camels, American Horses, and American Lions all become extinct.
10,000 BC Earliest settlers arrive in Ireland, in the Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age period. They cross by land bridge from Scotland. These people are mainly hunters but they did not war as they were still worshipers of the Great Goddess. Retreat of ice and warming of climate in Wales. Nomadic hunter gatherers in Anglesey and Lleyn.
End of the Paleolithic Period, All continents (except Antarctica) inhabited, Agriculture and the domestication of animals begins.
9600 BC. Atlantis was a naval power that conquered many parts of Western Europe and Africa.
9564 BC: Destruction of Atlantis the Atlantean priesthood flee to establish colonies in the British Isles, Western Europe, North Africa and South America. Rise of the Northern Mystery Tradition centered on the island Thule and the Aryan culture. Invention of the Runic Alphabet.
9500 BC; First building phase of the temple complex at Göbekli Tepe.
9000 BC Earliest walled city (Jericho)
9000 BC: settlements (such as Karim Shahir) in the Zagros Mountains, in the northern portions of the Tigris and Euphrates River valleys, began farming; they domesticated dogs and, instead of harvesting wild grains, domesticated barley, emmer, wheat, and vegetables.
8500 - 7000 years ago, humans in the Fertile Crescent in Middle East began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals: agriculture. This spread to neighboring regions, and developed independently elsewhere, until most Humans lived sedentary lives in permanent settlements as farmers.
Not all societies abandoned nomadism, especially those in isolated areas of the globe poor in domesticable plant species, such as Australia. However, among those civilizations that did adopt agriculture, the relative stability and increased productivity provided by farming allowed the population to expand.
Agriculture had a major impact; humans began to affect the environment as never before. Surplus food allowed a priestly or governing class to arise, followed by increasing division of labor. This led to Earth’s first civilization at Sumer in the Middle East
8000-6000 BC: Kiffian culture
7000 BC: ancient Mesopotamians ("between the rivers") developed the first large populated permanent settlements (such as Jarmo and Jericho); they lived in mud brick multi-room houses with mud ovens, used pottery, traded with other villages in the fertile crescent, and domesticated goats, sheep, and pigs.
6000 BC: the Hassuna cultures lived in organized villages with a social courtyard containing a religious shrine, surrounded by mud brick houses, and around the villages were five foot thick walls with community grain or water storage towers; they introduced irrigation for farming, canals for trade, decorated pottery, and lead or copper beads.
5800 BC: Beginning of the Dadiwan culture in China.
5500 BC: Agriculture started in Ancient Egypt.
5500 BC: the Halafian cultures were the first to specialize labor and have cobblestone roads; they were the first to use the potter's wheel and the Kiln to make pottery with brilliantly colored realistic pictures and shapes.
4500-2500 BC: Tenerians culture,
4000 BC: Syrian and Arabian nomads raided southern Mesopotamia, they were eventually absorbed into the Ubadian population.
4000-3200 BC: the Ubaidian cultures made pottery decorated with wave patterns using the potter's wheel; they established many farming settlements including Eridu, Uruk, Adab, Isin, Kish, Kullab, Lagash, Larsa, Nippur, and Ur. They lived in lower Mesopotamia.
The Ubaidian settlements emerged as small village communities in the foothills surrounding great river valleys; because they lived close to each other the control over water streams, harvest, and domestication became easier to control and caused increased food production.
As food production increased it was able to supply larger communities and the villages grew into cities, civilization first emerged; cities were the foundation of civilization because with them came other civilizing elements including religious cults, political systems, written language, and monumental architecture.
4000 years ago. Domestication of the horse
4000 BC In Brittain earliest-known camps or communities appear,which are believed to be Druidic.
3600 years ago. In Egypt, mummification around this time in Hierankopolis.
3700 Beginning of the Early Minoan period on Crete
3500 BC: the Sumerians, a nomadic people from the Armenian Plateau northeast of Mesopotamia, migrated into Mesopotamia and intermingled with the population; they brought with them horse-drawn chariots and metallurgy used to make copper helmets and spears.
Under the Sumerians the old cities developed into city-states, governed by a theocratic assembly of priests and, because priests knew what the gods "wanted," they were very influential to the city-states; religion was also important in architecture because the most important building in each city-state was the ziggurat, the temple (or home) of the patron god of that city-state.
The Sumerian city-states were in constant competition with each other, even if by war; despite wars, the governments of the city-states generally maintained friendly relations because, they as aristocrats, held a special bond as the elite of a people who shared a common religion, language, and culture.
3500 - 3000 BC First appearance of long barrows and chambered tombs; at Hambledon Hill (Dorset), the primitive burial rite known as "corpse exposure" was practiced, wherein bodies were left in the open air to decompose or be consumed by animals and birds.
3200 BC: a writing system was developed in order to keep administrative records; it was called cuneiform and was made up of pictograms (pictures) describing objects and ideograms describing ideas or actions.
The invention of writing enabled complex societies to arise: record-keeping and libraries served as a storehouse of knowledge and increased the cultural transmission of information. Humans no longer had to spend all their time working for survival—curiosity and education drove the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom.
3100 years ago. The earliest phase of Stonehenge construction begins.
2800 BC: Etana became the first Sumerian monarch and established the Kish dynasty; he put northern Mesopotamia under his control, built the first monumental building as his palace, and called himself king of the "four quarters of the world"; Meskiaggasher established the Uruk dynasty and controlled most of the south.
2800-2670 BC: the Kish dynasty established a powerful kingship and because it was situated at a critical spot on the Euphrates river it controlled irrigation flow to the southern city-states and thus kept the Uruk dynasty, in the south, under control.
2900 BC: because the city-states were at constant war, they needed a strong military leader to oversee war and large building projects; they began to replace theocracies with hereditary monarchies and according to ancient tablets, "the kingship came down from heaven."
2750 BC: Enmerkar succeeded his father Meskiaggasher as king of Uruk; he and his general Lugalbanda (who also succeeded Enmerkar as king) conquered Aratta, a city in northeastern Mesopotamia and marked the decreasing power of Kish in the north; their deeds formed the basis of the Lugalbanda Epic.
2700 BC: Mesoamericans begin to plant and domesticate corn.
2700 BC: Gilgamesh, grandson of Enmerkar, became king of Uruk; he constructed the brick walls around Uruk and his deeds formed the basis of the Gilgamesh Epic; Enmebaragesi became king of Kish, he ordered the construction of the Temple of Enlil at Nippur, which became the spiritual center of Sumer, and he led victorious campaigns against Elam.
2670 years ago. Mesanepada established the Ur dynasty; he defeated Agga, king of Kish, which ended the Kish dynasty, and put the Uruk and Ur dynasties simultaneously in power.
2670-2370 years ago. the Uruk dynasty became weak from constant attacks in the north which only strengthened the power of the Ur dynasty in the south.
2640 years ago. The cultivation and weaving of silk starts to be a closely guarded secret in China.
2600 years ago. Mature Harappan phase of the Indus Valley Civilization begins. The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro become large metropolises and the civilization expands to over 2,500 cities and settlements across the whole of Pakistan, much of northern India, and parts of Afghanistan and Iran, covering a region of around one million square miles, which was larger than the land area of its contemporaries Egypt and Mesopotamia combined, and also had superior urban planning and sewage systems. The civilization began using the mature Indus script for its writing system.
2600 years ago. Use of skis
2600 years ago. Bactrian Camel and Dromedary are domesticated
2600 years ago. Completion of the Great Pyramid of Giza
2525 years ago. Lugalannemudu of Adab, a city in the north, united northern Sumer under his control; his power quickly passed to Mesilim, king of Kish; these conquests by the northern city-states ended the Uruk dynasty and put the Ur dynasty in complete power.
2500 years ago. the construction of the stone circle at Stonehenge begins and continues for the next five hundred years.
2425 years ago. Eannatum established the Lagash dynasty; he united Sumer under his control, called himself king of Kish, and conquered much neighboring territory.
2452 years ago.Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, a group of legendary rulers in Ancient China.
2370 years ago. Urukagina of became king of Lagash; he enacted many social reforms and during his reign Lugalzagesi, king of Umma, defeated him and took control of Sumer, which went into a state of civil strife.
2350 years ago. Sargon I, a Kish general, usurped and became king of Kish; he defeated Lugalzagesi and took control of Sumer, built his capital at Akkad and established the Akkadian dynasty, he centralized trade, made his daughter priestess of Ur, repaired the irrigation systems, and created the first professional army of 5400 men.
2250 years ago. Manituu, son of Sargon I, became king of Akkad; he defeated "32 cities in Iran," the Elamites, and the many other city-states which tested his military strength.
2240 years ago. Akkad, capital of the Akkadian Empire, becomes the largest city in the world, surpassing Memphis, capital of Egypt.
2230 years ago. Naram-Sin, grandson of Sargon I, became king of Akkad; he extended the empire to "the four quarters of the world" and was the first king to deify himself.
2218 years ago. the Gutians, a group of nomadic peoples east of Mesopotamia, swept through Mesopotamia, destroyed Akkad, and conquered Sumer; in the ancient writings Curse of Akkad, Naram-Sin angered the god Enlil, who made the Gutians attack.
2181 years ago. Seventh and Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
2160 years ago. Ninth Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Akhtoy Meryibtowe
2144 years ago. Gudea became king of Lagash; despite Gutian rule of Sumer he took control of southern Mesopotamia, encouraged literature, and initiated religious constructions; after his death he was deified and many magnificent statues were produced in his honor.
2130 years ago. Tenth Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Meryhathor
2134 years ago. Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt, reign of Mentuhotep I
2120 years ago. Utuhegal became king of Uruk; he and his general, Ur-Nammu, defeated the Gutians and drove them from Sumer; Utuhegal rewarded Ur-Nammu by making him governor of Ur.
2113 BC: Ur-Nammu established the 3rd Ur dynasty and declared himself king of Sumer and Akkad; he defeated Utuhegal, king of Uruk, and Nammahani, king of Lagash, united Sumer under his rule, constructed many temples, and established the first code of laws which emphasized the king's duty to protect the people against injustice.
2104 BC – The Ogygian Deluge occurs.
2095 BC: Shulgi succeeded his father Ur-Nammu as king of Ur; during his reign their was a drastic water shortage, he reorganized irrigation systems and encouraged economic records on clay tablets.
2037 BC—Emperor Shen Nong makes first (perhaps mythical) tea drink by boiling fresh leaves
2004 BC: the Elamites, a group of nomadic peoples in the north, invaded Sumer; they destroyed Ur, captured Ibbi-Sin, the king of Ur, ended the 3rd Ur Dynasty, and sent Sumer into civil strife; regular imports of tin from Britain began to go throughout Europe and the Middle East, making the use of bronze to make tools and weapons possible.
2000 BC: completion of Stonehenge.
2000 BC – Glass appears.
1900 BC. First Minoan palace built at Knossos c.
1900 BC: the Amorites, a group of nomadic peoples from Syria encouraged by the internal strife, invaded and conquered Sumer; they intermingled with the Sumerians and obtained many high positions, including becoming kings of cities, the most powerful being the Isin dynasty.
1894: Sumu-abum, an Amorite, conquered a small portion of land in middle Mesopotamia; he built up the small village of Babylon and there ruled as king.
1823 BC: Rim-Sin, an Amorite, became king of Larsa; he conquered Isin, ending its reign of power, and united Sumer under the rule of the Larsa dynasty.
1792 BC: Hammurabi, an Amorite, became king of Babylon; he defeated Rim-Sin, conquered Mesopotamia, and established the Babylon Dynasty; he oversaw navigation, irrigation, agriculture, tax collection, construction, cleared block rivers, punished dishonest officials, reformed the calendar, and codified the Sumerian laws in the Code of Hammurabi with its primary idea, "an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth."
1750 BC: Samsu-iluna succeeded his father Hammurabi as king of Babylon; he defeated the first invasion of Babylonia by the Kassites, a group of nomadic peoples from the east.
1740 and 1450 BC Shaft tombs at Mycenae constructed
1700 BC Palace at Knossos destroyed c. then rebuilt
(14 royal tombs at Mycenae date between 1650-1550 BC. Thera volcano erupts in 1628 BC. Minoan palace at Knossos destroyed by earthquakes c.1600 BC.)
Hesiod's third age: The First Brazen Age of Mankind (1628BC-1472BC)
Men of the Bronze Age were hard. War was their purpose and passion. Not only arms and tools, but their very homes were forged of bronze. The men of this age were undone by their own violent ways and left no named spirits but dwell in the "dank house of Hades". It came to an end with the flood of Deucalion.
1628 Zeus seduces Niobe the daughter of Phoroneus (first of Zeus affairs with mortal women)
1628 Car the son of Phoroneus founds the city of Megara
1628 Apis rules over the Peloponnese and Egypt
1607 Argus the grandson of Phoroneus founds the city of Argos
(Achaean invaders reach region of Mycenae c.1600 BC)
1595 BC: the Hittites swept through Babylonia, took prisoners, and looted wealth; they brought with them the use of iron, which was used to make spears and battle axes; the Kassites proceeded the Hittites, conquered Babylonia, and established the Kassite dynasty.
1572 Criasus the son of Argus becomes king of Argos. Peiras his brother, founds the first temple of Hera in Argolis.
1570 BC: Agum, a Kassite, became king of Babylonia; he reconquered lost lands and extended his control over all Mesopotamia.
1527 Lelex is the first king in Lacedaemonia.
1517 Pelasgus rules over Arcadia.
1510 Polycaon son of Lelex rules in Messenia and Myles rules in Sparta.
1488-1460 Lycaon provokes the Gods anger by murdering his son Nyctimus and serving him up to the Gods.
1488 Danaus flees from Aegyptus to Rhodes then takes Pelasgian Argos
(c.1480 BC Tutmoses III campaigns in Asia-Minor. His inscriptions mention receiving tribute from the Danaioi)
1487 Lycaon king of Arkadia, introduces Zeus cult
1484 Cecrops king of Athens introduces Zeus cult
1472 Danaus becomes king of Argos in the Peloponnese after Gelanor steps down
Hesiod's fourth age: The Heroic or Second Brazen Age (1460BC-1103BC) - In this period men lived with noble demigods and heroes.
The monumental events of Heracles are regarded as the dawn of the age of heroes. To the Heroic Age are also ascribed three great events: the Argonautic expedition, the Theban Cycle and the Trojan War.
Before the Hellenic Wars
1460 A flood is sent by Zeus to destroy all of mankind after Lycaon outrages the Gods. Deucalion and his family escape in an Ark, which Prometheus tells him to build.
1450 BC—Minoan Second Palace period ends and Late Minoan culture starts.
(Mycenaean’s conquer Minoans in Crete c.1450 BC. Earthquake destroys city of Knossos c.1450 BC. Palace is rebuilt and used until c.1380 BC)
1440 Dardanus founds Troy after being given a share in the kingdom of Teucer king of Phrygia
(Tudhaliya II is king of the Hittites from 1460-1440)
1438 Zeus violates Europe, birth of Minos
1437 BC—King Erichthonius I of Athens dies after a reign of 50 years and is succeeded by his son Pandion I
1437 Cadmus colonises Boeotia and founds Thebes.
1421 Minos I becomes king of Crete
1420 BC—Crete conquered by Mycenae start of the Mycenaean period.
1420 Dionysus the son of Zeus and Semele daughter of Cadmus is born
1420 Persephone the daughter of Demeter is abducted by Hades
1410 Olympic Games held 50 years after the flood
1404 Dionysus is entertained by Amphyction king of Athens
1400 Cinyras the son of Paphos the son of Pygmalion the son of Belus funds the city of Paphos in Cyprus
(Cyprus is conquered by the Mycenaean’s and Minoan colony wiped out c.1400)
1400 BC—Estimation: Thebes, capital of Egypt becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Memphis in Egypt.
1399 Erichthonius now rules at Athens
1399 Erichthonius rules at Troy
1397 Pandion I, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 40 years and is succeeded by his son Erechtheus II of Athens.
1386 Dionysus known as Tauro Kranos restores Ammon as king of Egypt then conquers Damascus and all of India.
(Amenhotep III reigns in Egypt from 1386-1349 and refers to Greek cities such including Amyclae in his records, Aryan invaders destroy Indus Valley civilisation c.1400, Tudhaliya III rules the Hittites 1400-1380 BC.)
1386 Dionysus drives Pentheus the king of Thebes to madness
1385 Cadmus leaves Thebes and goes to Illyria
1377 Tectemus the son of Dorus founds colony in Crete and fathers Asterius
(Second Mycenaean wave of colonisation in Crete puts and end to Minoan palace civilisation c.1400 BC)
1375 Minoan culture ends on Crete.
1375 Site of palace complex Knossos is abandoned.
1374 Pandion becomes king of Athens
1370 Athamas rules over Boeotia
1368 Death of Erichthonius, King of Dardania.
1365 Perseus son of Danae by Zeus is born
1363 Apollo fathers Asclepius by Coronis, daughter of Phlegyas
1360 Epopeus king of Sicyon at war with Thebes
1357 Pandions daughter Philomela marries Tereus king of Thrace to form alliance against Theban king Labdacus
1354 Erechtheus becomes king of Athens
1345 Phrixus while a boy is taken to Colchis by a Golden Lamb
1344 Pegasus the winged horse born from Medusa's blood after she is slain by Perseus
1342-1320 The children of Perseus and Andromeda are born
(Fortress of Mycenae built between 1400 and 1200)
1341 Perseus accidentally kills his grandfather Acrisius at funeral Games of King Teutamides father
1336 Aetolus conquers Aetolia after murdering Dorus the son of Phthia and his brothers
1333 Bellerophon goes to king Proetus court to be purified
1329 Cecrops the eldest son of Erechtheus is chosen by Xuthus to become king of Athens
1325 Amphion kills Lycus and becomes king of Thebes
1323 BC—Death of Pharaoh Tutankhamun of Egypt.
1320 Melampus the seer cures the madness of the Argive women and receives one third of Proetus kingdom and his brother Bias another third. First temple built to Dionysus.
1315-1264 Pelops the son of Tantalus king of Phrygia and Lydia flees Asia Minor and rules in Pisa and Olympia
(Mursilis II king of the Hittites dies in 1315 BC)
1314 Pelops sister Niobe marries Amphion king of Thebes
1314 Pelops holds Olympic Games
1314 The Argonauts Calais and Zetes are born to Oreithyia and Boreas
1314 Pelops marries Hippodamia
1310 Electryon becomes king of Mycenae
1309 BC—Cecrops II, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 40 years and is succeeded by his son Pandion II. Pandion II was later driven into exile from Athens by the sons of Cecrops II's brother (or possibly nephew) Metion, so that Metion could take power. Pandion II fled to Megara, where he married the King's daughter and eventually inherited the throne. After his death, Pandion II's sons returned to Athens and drove out the sons of Metion.
1309 Pandion becomes king of Athens and is expelled by the sons of Metion
1301 Oebalus becomes the second husband of Gorgophone the daughter of Perseus
1300 Laius caries off Chrysippus the son of Pelops and Astyoche
1299 Minos II the grandson of Minos becomes king of Crete after Asterius dies
1290 Procris leaves her husband and is seduced by Minos in Crete
1286-1264 Sthenelus takes throne of Mycenae after Amphitryon kills Electryon son of Perseus
February 10 1286 Heracles is conceived when Zeus extends one night into three
November 4 1286 Heracles is born nine months later and named Palaemon
1285 Heracles strangles 2 serpents sent by Hera
1285 Asclepius is born to Arsinoe, the daughter of Leucippus
1284 Aegeus regains Athens from the sons of Metion
1283 Bias of Priene killed by his nephew Pylas
1282 BC—Pandion II, legendary King of Athens, dies after a nominal reign of 25 years. He reportedly only reigned in Megara while Athens and the rest of Attica were under the control of an alliance of Nobles led by his uncle Metion (son of Erechtheus of Athens) and his sons (including in some accounts Daedalus). His four sons lead a successful military campaign to regain the throne. Aegeus becomes King of Athens, Nisos reigns in Megara, Lykos in Euboea and Pallas in southern Attica.
The monumental events of Heracles are regarded as the dawn of the age of heroes. To the Heroic Age are also ascribed three great events: the Argonautic expedition, the Theban Cycle and the Trojan War.
1282 Aeacus helps Poseidon build the walls of Troy for Laodamaon now king of Troy
1274 Pelias imprisons Aeson and takes the throne after the birth of Jason
1271 Theseus is born
1270 Aegeus accidentally kills Minos son Androgeus at Games held in honour of Laius king of Thebes and is forced to pay a tribute of 7 Athenian boys and girls every 9 years
1270 All of Greece plagued by earthquakes and famine due to Pelops murder of Stymphalus or the Athenians murder of Androgeus and Aeacus is sent to pray for deliverance.
1269 Atreus and Thyestes march against Laius the king of Thebes
1269-1235 Oedipus kills Laius the king of Thebes and marries his own mother Iocasta
1268 Heracles lies with Thespius 50 daughters and kills the Lion of Cithaeron
1264 Heracles marries Megara after defeating the Minyans while Creon is king of Thebes in place of Laius
1258-1246 The Labours of Heracles take place while Eurystheus is king of Mycenae
1253 Herakles brings back Alcestis the wife of Admetus from death
1252 Theseus kills the Minotaur at the centre of the Labyrinth built by Daedelus
1251 The Caledonian Boar hunt
1248 Heracles goes to Hades to bring back Cerberus
1247 The nine Muses who said to be the daughters of Peirus the Macedonian engage in a musical contest with Thamyris
1247 The marriage of Peleus to his second wife Thetis
1246 The birth of Achilles
1246 The 4 month long voyage of Jason and the Argonauts
1246 BC Heracles shot and killed the eagle that tortured Prometheus (which was his punishment by Zeus for stealing fire from the gods and giving it to mortals). Heracles freed the Titan from his chains and his torments. Prometheus then made predictions regarding further deeds of Heracles.
1246-1243 Heracles is sold as a slave to Omphale after killing Iphitus
1246 Eumolpus is victorious in the flute contest at Pelias funeral games
1245 Orpheus tries to rescue Euridice from Hades
1243 Heracles sacks Troy and puts a young Priam on the throne
(Troy VII destroyed c.1250 BC)
1243-1238 Heracles settles old scores in the Peloponnese
1242 Heracles conquers Elis and establishes Olympic Games. Polydeuces is champion Boxer.
1241 Heracles places Nestor who is still a boy on the throne of Messenia after killing his brothers and father king Neleus of Pylos for helping the Elians
1240 Heracles defeats the sons of Hippocoon and restores the throne of Sparta to Tyndareus
1239 Heracles leaves the Peloponnese and marries Deianira
1238 Hyllus is born
1236 Medea flees from Corinth after murdering Glauce the daughter of Creon
1235 Heracles exiled to Thrachis after killing one of Oeneus kinsmen
1234 Nessus carries of Deianira and is killed by Herakles with a poison arrow
1233 The births Clytemnestra & Helen to Tyndareus and Leda (Last of Zeus's affairs with mortals)
1232 Cheiron accidentally shot in the foot while entertaining Herakles and Achilles his student, forcing him to give up his immortality
1230 The birth of Paris. Laius becomes father of Odysseus.
1229 Heracles kills Cycnus the son of Ares
1227 Prophecy revealed from Oracle of Dodona that Heracles would die in 15 months after carrying off Iole
August 12 1226 Heracles dies and becomes a god
The Hellenic Wars
1225 The seven make war against Thebes
1225 BC: Tukulti-Ninurta I, king of Assyria in northern Mesopotamia, captured Babylon and extended his rule through northern Mesopotamia; although the Kassite dynasty continued to rule, it was only nominal.
1140 BC: Shutruk-Nahhunte I, king of Elam, captured Babylon; he ended the Kassite dynasty and placed his son Shilhak-Inshushinak on the throne; he encouraged sculpture and literature.
1224 Theseus captures Thebes and buries the bodies of the seven which were left unburied by Creon.
1223 Eurystheus defeated by Theseus and beheaded by Hyllus the son of Herakles
March 5 1223 Atreus takes the throne of Mycenae
1221 Theseus abducts Helen when she is 12 years old and he is 50 and spends 4 years in Tartarus after Helens brothers the Dioscuri capture Athens
1220 Castor, Polydeuces and Idas and Lynceus begin feuding
1218 After several bad harvests Atreus is slain by 7 year old Aeigisthus and Thyestes takes the throne of Mycenae
1215 Agamemnon is restored as king Mycenae by Thyestes.
1215 The Epigoni attack Thebes
1213 Herakles mother Alcmene dies at the age of about 90
1213 The Beauty contest. Menelaus marries Helen.
1207 Theseus is freed from Tartatrus by Heracles and returns to Athens.
1207 The Heraklids attack the Peloponnese.
1206 Theseus, legendary King of Athens, is deposed after a reign of 30 years and succeeded by Menestheus, great-grandson of Erichthonius II of Athens and second cousin of Theseus' father Aegeus. Menestheus is reportedly assisted by Castor and Polydeuces of Sparta, who want to reclaim their sister Helen from her first husband Theseus. Theseus seeks refuge in Skyros, whose King Lycomedes is an old friend and ally. Lycomedes, however, considers his visitor a threat to the throne and proceeds to assassinate him.
1203 Hyllus the son of Herakles is slain at the Isthmus of Corinth while fighting in single combat against Echemus
1203 Helen is abducted by Paris.
1201 First Gathering at Aulis
1193 Second Gathering at Aulis. The attempted sacrifice of Iphigenia.
1191 BC—Menestheus, King of Athens, dies during the Trojan War after a reign of 23 years and is succeeded by his nephew Demophon, a son of Theseus.
1184 BC—April 24, the traditional date of the fall of Troy.
Johann Georg Trautmann (1713–1769): Blick auf das brennende Troja Oil on canvas, 54,5 x 68 cm. From the collections of the granddukes of Baden, Karlsruhe
The Trojan War was a war waged against the city of Troy in Asia Minor, by the armies of the Greeks, after Paris of Troy stole Helen from her husband Menelaus, king of Sparta.
The war sprang from a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Hera and Aphrodite, after the goddess Eris ("Discord") gave them a golden apple with the inscription "to the fairest" ( known as the apple of Discord) at the wedding feast of Peleus and Thetis. The goddesses went to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as the "fairest", should receive the apple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful of all women, fall in love with Paris, who took her to Troy. Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, and the brother of Menelaus, led an expedition of Hellenic troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years. After the deaths of many heroes, including the Greeks Achilles and Ajax, and the Trojans Hector and Paris, the city fell to the ruse of the Trojan Horse. The Greeks mercilessly slaughtered the Trojans and desecrated the temples, thus earning the gods' wrath. Few returned to their homes and many founded colonies in distant shores.
Jan 12 1183 The return and murder of Agamemnon