Most games do this to some extent. Not every game does it well, but it only matters so much as doing so helps their combat.
D&D has damage dice and type, critical, and properties (depending on edition). That is all that matters to them, and many groups ignore the damage types.
Phoenix Command is the far end of this spectrum, as it takes into account everything it can. But I have never met anyone who has actually ran it.
Each version of Exalted has done this using a combination of Accuracy, Damage, Defense, (Speed for 1e and 2e) and Tags.