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Thread: Thermal iimits of solar power.
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2022-05-13, 05:13 AM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
Does anyone have the optical laws/explanation for this? Maybe that would help halfeye.
My knowledge there ends at "image size is proportional to object size"
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2022-05-13, 11:21 AM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
Thanks for that, it reads more or less as expected, so that looks likely to be the orthodoxy.
This reads very badly to me. Getting heat for free from nothing would indeed break entropy, but that isn't what I have been talking about at any time in this thread, though I may well have failed at times to express myself as clearly as I'd like. What I am talking about is getting a higher temperature in a smaller area. The total heat would be at worst the same, and in any real instantiation of the ideas almost certainly less.
Even with lasers there will be limitation, but what counts here is the entropy of the light from a given source. Lasers produce by construction light of extremely low entropy so it is easier to obtain high temperatures using those. Stars are pretty much black bodies (as weird as it sounds), so the entropy of emitted light is actually very high - if I remember correctly emission of light with that distribution produces maximum of entropy for a given energy emitted. So if you want to concentrate it you are quite limited unless you put some work into it.
That reads like that same explanation from the link above with the wonky lens and the infinitely small image. I agree that an infinitely small image with infinite temperature is impossible, it's not what I've at any point been trying to suggest.Last edited by halfeye; 2022-05-13 at 11:22 AM.
The end of what Son? The story? There is no end. There's just the point where the storytellers stop talking.
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2022-05-13, 12:35 PM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
Eh, I don't think it has to do with infinity. Just, I was trying to imagine how one would even with arbitrary moving fiber optic cables make it so all of the light from two different point sources released at one moment in time would converge in the same location at the same time.
In order for that to happen, I either had to have one photon 'catch up' with another on the same path, or have the ability to inject a photon into a unidirectional beam from two directions at once.
So without something irreversible, I can't passively increase the peak photon density in a vacuum above the density of my sources.
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2022-05-13, 01:13 PM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
The end of what Son? The story? There is no end. There's just the point where the storytellers stop talking.
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2022-05-13, 01:41 PM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
You are mixing up the first principle of thermodynamics (conservation of energy, thus the impossibility to generate energy/heat from nothing) with the second one (entropy always increases in a closed system). Radar's point is relative to the latter, not the former.
Let's say that the entire universe consists only of the star (body A), the lenses apparatus (body B) and the "point" you want to heat up (body C), with the star having a fixed temperature Ta (heat bath) and the other two bodies temperatures Tb, Tc < Ta. Now let's assume that the apparatus is somehow perfectly efficient and doesn't heat up at all in the process, so that only Tc actually changes: the moment Tc reaches Ta, body C can't heat up any further without employing active mechanisms, this is because you now can't physically produce a non-zero gradient between A and C without external work, as it would violate the second principle of thermodynamics, in fact, defining with dS the total variation of entropy and with Q the heat exchanged after equilibrium, we would have dS = Q/Tx - Q/Ta < 0 (where Tx is some value such that Ta < Tx < Tf, with Tf the final temperature you want to reach).
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2022-05-13, 02:09 PM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
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2022-05-13, 05:14 PM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
This was not about getting heat for free - nothing in the process would create new energy. It is all about the entropy of the energy and your ability to convert thermal energy to useful work. Getting higher temperature with the same energy means lower entropy. To use some energy for work, you need some energy with low entropy and a place to dump the high entropy leftover energy afterwards. Typically, this means two reservoirs: one of high temperature to take energy from and one with low temperature to dump the residual heat into - think of a typical heat engine (steam or internal combustion for example).
Now let's see, how increasing temperature without spending any extra energy would be a problem:
1. We have just one reservoir of whatever temperature.
2. By this hypothetical process, without putting in any extra work we take some energy from the reservoir and make a reservoir of higher energy with it (no new energy - just more "densely packed").
3. Since now we have two reservoirs of different temperatures, we can use them to do useful work.
4. If you continue this for long enough, you would fully convert the whole initial source of heat into useful work and that completely breaks the thermodynamics as it would allow you to effortlessly decrease entropy.
And breaking thermodynamics basically means breaking statistics as a whole.In a war it doesn't matter who's right, only who's left.
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2022-05-14, 12:45 AM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
I believe you are mistaken about what I am thinking about.
What have point sources got to do with it? Photons start at a point, but any five or six start at five or six.
We can shine two torches at the same wall with no problem.
In order for that to happen, I either had to have one photon 'catch up' with another on the same path, or have the ability to inject a photon into a unidirectional beam from two directions at once.
So without something irreversible, I can't passively increase the peak photon density in a vacuum above the density of my sources.
They travel at the same speed, so they wouldn't catch up? I'm definitely not understanding this.
Yeah, that's right. I am not in any way intentionally suggesting that that doesn't happen.
Getting higher temperature with the same energy means lower entropy.
Now let's see, how increasing temperature without spending any extra energy would be a problem:
1. We have just one reservoir of whatever temperature.
2. By this hypothetical process, without putting in any extra work we take some energy from the reservoir and make a reservoir of higher energy with it (no new energy - just more "densely packed").
3. Since now we have two reservoirs of different temperatures, we can use them to do useful work.
4. If you continue this for long enough, you would fully convert the whole initial source of heat into useful work and that completely breaks the thermodynamics as it would allow you to effortlessly decrease entropy.
The Sun's core fuses about 600 million tons of hydrogen into helium every second, converting 4 million tons of matter into energy every second as a result. This energy, which can take between 10,000 and 170,000 years to escape the core, is the source of the Sun's light and heat.Core
Main article: Solar core
The core of the Sun extends from the center to about 20–25% of the solar radius.[70] It has a density of up to 150 g/cm3[71][72] (about 150 times the density of water) and a temperature of close to 15.7 million kelvins (K).
Nope, breaking thermodynamics would break the universe, statistics can take its chances.Last edited by halfeye; 2022-05-14 at 12:49 AM.
The end of what Son? The story? There is no end. There's just the point where the storytellers stop talking.
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2022-05-14, 01:12 AM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
A torch doesn't fill every direction, so two torches each occupy a different range of incoming angles. If you had a solid sphere of torchfire surrounding a point and added an extra torch outside of that sphere, it's light would have to pass through another physical emitter in order to be able to add to the rest.
Now imagine rather than an emitter, we replace each torch with a fiberoptic cable carrying light from elsewhere. If that cable bends light into a particular direction there, then because of reversibility it cannot let light through from behind it in that same direction if it's a passive element.
For a passive optical element, every outgoing direction must correspond to exactly one incoming direction.
I am sorry, I don't understand this at all.
They travel at the same speed, so they wouldn't catch up? I'm definitely not understanding this.
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2022-05-14, 01:46 AM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
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2022-05-14, 02:42 AM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
You are right, higher temperatures don't imply lower entropy per se, higher temperature gradients do. The point is that if you want to heat up a certain object to a higher temperature than the star, you must reach its temperature first: once that is done, any further increase of temperature would decrease entropy.
What matters is that our ideal lenses don't expend energy to do their job of redirecting light once there, they do it passively. The work you used to assemble the system is now irrelevant in the interaction between star and lenses; they may have very well been there since ever, for all it matters.
The reservoir emits energy in "our" direction because there is a temperature gradient between the star and "us". If our apparatus had the same temperature as the star, it would irradiate as the star does and the net flux of photons would be zero.Last edited by Captain Cap; 2022-05-14 at 02:46 AM.
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2022-05-14, 04:12 AM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
And yet, we would not be able to make the wall hotter than a torch regardless of how many torches we use. In fact, we can explain the initial problem this way: if we view a star from any point, it takes some part of the sky (in other words, a given part of the whole spherical angle). What we can do with lenses and mirrors is to create a situation that at given point we see the star taking a bigger part of the sky. The absolute limit would be if a given point looked as if it is completely surrounded by the surface of the star. Such problems can be solved directly and you simply get at such a point temperature equal to that of the surface of the star.
You may wonder, why is that. Well, imagine a sphere as hot as the star surrounding some point. Each inside point of that sphere emits light in all directions - not just toward the center. This results in the radiation density being equal everywhere within that sphere and there is no particularly high heat concentration anywhere.
Irrelevant as lenses and mirrors in principle are not used up - they can work arbitrarily long.
If some portion of energy is emitted, it is no longer at the star. Stars gradually lose energy due to radiation, so we actually do take the energy, if we try to use it for something.
It is not about enforcing - it is just about allowing something. If you have two reservoirs of different temperature, you can use the thermal energy to perform useful work.
Timescale does not matter, if we are talking about principles of physics. If something should cannot work in large scale due to fundamental reasons, it cannot work in a small scale for the same reasons.
What I meant is that thermodynamics is just applied statistics - breaking it means that statistics is not working in our universe. And yes, it would break the universe as we know it.In a war it doesn't matter who's right, only who's left.
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2022-05-16, 08:09 AM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
The best you can get is a bunch of mirrors and lenses that make it so that where ever you look, all you see is the sun. Which means you are effectively surrounded by the sun, and thus you will take the ambient temperature of the sun.
Again, see Randall Munroe's What If article:
Originally Posted by Fire from MoonlightWarhammer 40,000 Campaign Skirmish Game: Warpstrike
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2022-05-16, 11:48 PM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
I'm not entirely sure I understand why it would necessarily match the temperature. After all, it's not transmitting temperature, it's transmitting energy that excites the molecules of the target and thus raises its temperature
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2022-05-17, 12:46 AM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
Thermal energy travels along temperature gradients.
That this holds true so consistently even for energy transfer through radiation is somewhat unintuitive; after all, we should be able to just get a bunch of mirrors and lenses and pile all these photons into a denser area, right?
But for a variety of reasons explained up thread, it doesn't actually work. Its like thinking you can stick a bunch of heat pipes into the surface of the ocean and expecting to boil tea with it: the energy is definitely there, but without doing some work yourself you have no way of moving the energy around beyond the point of thermal equilibrium.Originally Posted by crayzzOriginally Posted by jere7my
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2022-05-17, 08:30 AM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
To put it a different way, light (and heat) can travel both ways along the mirrors and through the lenses, right? In the event that you managed to heat your target up hotter than the source of heat, light and heat would instantly start flowing the other direction, away from your target and back toward the source until their temperatures are in equilibrium.
Last edited by Lord Torath; 2022-05-17 at 08:34 AM.
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2022-05-17, 08:38 AM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
It might be helpful to think of things in terms of distributions of photon frequencies. Even if you collect all the photons from the surface of the Sun somehow, those photons will still have a frequency distribution governed by the Planck function for a 5800 K blackbody. Concentrating the radiant output of a blackbody source means an increase in brightness, not temperature.
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2022-05-17, 11:42 AM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
Relating this back to the Cooking a chicken by slapping it thread, could the chicken be heated to arbitrary temperatures by increasing the rate of the slaps without increasing their individual strength? I bring this up because it seems to be ultimately the same question
Last edited by Bohandas; 2022-05-17 at 11:43 AM.
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2022-05-17, 02:53 PM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
That's not exactly accurate since temperature of a black body governs both the frequency distribution and radiation intensity from the surface of a given object. Besides, frequency filters could be used to shape the distribution but it would not help you in heating things beyond the temperature of the original source since the key point is how well can you concentrate the energy. To heat something up, means to push in more energy than it can radiate out. Form of the energy or in particular frequency of the incoming radiation does not matter.
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2022-05-18, 08:06 AM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
There is a difference there. In the chicken slapping, you are doing work. You are converting electrical energy into kinetic energy, and then transferring that kinetic energy into the chicken, where it is converted into thermal energy.
In the lenses-and-mirrors question, you are not doing work. The entire process relies on the natural flow of heat from a high-temperature object to a low temperature object. And as soon as the low temperature object is the same temperature as the high-temperature object, the flow of heat stops.Warhammer 40,000 Campaign Skirmish Game: Warpstrike
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2022-05-19, 10:28 AM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
I want to be very clear that I am not arguing against entropy, I am arguing that maybe entropy doesn't apply in the way some people think it does in this particular situation, however entropy always applies.
First off, how about transformation of electricity? The voltage can go up or down, the amperage can go up or down, and the only necessarily moving parts are switches to start and stop the process. This clearly doesn't break entropy.
Mirrors and lenses are not 100% efficient, there is loss of photons by reflection and absorbtion from lenses and absorbtion and transmission though mirrors.
Some people seem to be hung up on absolute temperature, I have a query, I would expect people not to go for this, but it seems worth asking because it's an odd one if people do, and the "why not" should clarify some things if as expected people don't. Suppose the target for the heating is cooled, does that change the amount of energy that can fall onto it?
This thing apparently gets up to 3.5k C, in Earth's atmosphere:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odeillo_solar_furnace
I suggest something in space without Earth's atmosphere interfering should be able to get much hotter, particularly if the object was much nearer the sun. Though materials would be a problem, and we probably don't have a use for a temperature that high.The end of what Son? The story? There is no end. There's just the point where the storytellers stop talking.
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2022-05-19, 11:31 AM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
Which would mean you can heat your object to the temperature of the sun minus some factor depending on the efficiency of your mirrors.
Some people seem to be hung up on absolute temperature, I have a query, I would expect people not to go for this, but it seems worth asking because it's an odd one if people do, and the "why not" should clarify some things if as expected people don't. Suppose the target for the heating is cooled, does that change the amount of energy that can fall onto it?
This thing apparently gets up to 3.5k C, in Earth's atmosphere:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odeillo_solar_furnaceBlood-red were his spurs i' the golden noon; wine-red was his velvet coat,
When they shot him down on the highway,
Down like a dog on the highway,And he lay in his blood on the highway, with the bunch of lace at his throat.
Alfred Noyes, The Highwayman, 1906.
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2022-05-19, 12:31 PM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
I am saying that doesn't make sense to me. Suppose you had a space capable version of that solar furnace, same specs, same sort of mirror, and you put it at 0.5 AUs from the sun. That means, each bit of mirror is getting 4 times the energy, and reflecting it with the same efficiency. How does that not produce at least twice the temperature?
The end of what Son? The story? There is no end. There's just the point where the storytellers stop talking.
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2022-05-19, 01:24 PM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
You are considering only the energy input from the sun, but the higher the object's temperature becomes, the more energy it irradiates itself, and so the higher is the output. The maximum temperature you can reach without additional work is the equilibrium temperature for which input and output are the same.
Let's see this setup explicitly: we know that the power W irradiated (output) by a black body at temperature T is proportional to T^4, and so, adopting the appropriate unites of measures, we can write W = T^4 and Ws = Ts^4 (where s indicates the sun); if R is the distance from the sun and r its radius, the input power is Wi = Ws * (r/R)^2, therefore at the equilibrium we have T^4 = Ws * (r/R)^2 = Ts^4 * (r/R)^2 <= Ts^4.Last edited by Captain Cap; 2022-05-19 at 01:38 PM.
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2022-05-19, 02:35 PM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
Lets say you have a lens system that makes the sun take up 1/2 of the sphere of view around a target point, and that gets you to, say, 2500K (for a 5000K source). If you move it closer, then depending on the optics, the sun may take up more or less of that sphere of view. If you can make it take up the full sphere of view, you could get it to 5000K. It's not physically possible for it to take up more than 100% of the sphere of view.
So the curve of temperature vs distance from the sun will depend on that optics calculation, and you may indeed find that its easy to get from something like 1% of field of view to 80% of field of view by moving it closer, but you will at some point start to get diminishing returns.
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2022-05-19, 03:07 PM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
If you move that whole apparatus twice as close to the sun, the first set of mirrors will receive 4 times as much light. However, the direction of travel for that light will very twice as much and less than 4 times the amount of light will following the complicated mirror and lenses path to the furnace core.
The thing is the Azurites don't use a single color; they use a single hue. The use light blue, dark blue, black, white, glossy blue, off-white with a bluish tint. They sky's the limit, as long as it's blue.
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2022-05-19, 05:28 PM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
At this point I disagree. What I suggested wasn't making the sun a bigger area of the object's sky, though coincidentally it would also do that to a small extent, but moving the object twice as close to the sun, where the radiation from the sun would be stronger by a factor of 4:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse-square_law
I'm not sure how much energy is required for a given rise in temperature, but it seems to me that increasing the brightness of the source, ought to increase the temperature of the target.
We've discussed the permiability of space, and apparently it's not that which is the issue.
At all the ranges I am discussing, the sun would optically be at infinity.The end of what Son? The story? There is no end. There's just the point where the storytellers stop talking.
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2022-05-19, 06:06 PM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
You can't apply the inverse square law and an optical infinity simplification at the same time. The inverse square law arises from the fact that your light source is not at optical infinity; that changing your distance from the light source increases or decreases the area of its image. If you're at optical infinity i.e. all your light rays are parallel, then you don't have that. It doesn't matter what your position is, or whether you move towards or away from the light source: the image of the light source has the same area, and thus the same wattage per area.
If you're not at optical infinity, then the surface area of the image grows quadratically as you move away, and so the wattage per area must decrease inverse to that because total power output must remain invariant.
If you're in a situation where moving towards or away from the light source substantially changes the power you can capture, you're in a position where the incident angle of the light rays change, and so you have to deal with the size of the image reflected off your solar furnace changing. Moving towards the light source increases the wattage you capture, but it also increases the area of the image you produce.Originally Posted by crayzzOriginally Posted by jere7my
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2022-05-19, 06:42 PM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
I mean optical infinity in the camera/glasses/telescope sense, the focus is at infinity, the rays are parallel. By the time you are 3 metres from an object, you are more or less at infinity, the angle the rays arrive from is almost exactly 90 degrees. This is a peculiarity of cameras, the sort of glasses that are prescribed by opticians, and telescopes, it's really a bit odd, but it's only in really close to a subject that the angle of the light coming through the lens is significantly different from parallel. I am not suggesting that this is particularly significant to this debate, that was just a point of interest.
The inverse square law on the other hand, is in my opinion, entiely relevant to the debate.The end of what Son? The story? There is no end. There's just the point where the storytellers stop talking.
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2022-05-19, 06:55 PM (ISO 8601)
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Re: Thermal iimits of solar power.
Technically, the brightness of the source is always the same, but I get what you mean: the higher is the power inputted by the sun (which in the setup considered can be described by an inverse-square law), the higher is the temperature.
That's correct, but a quantity that increases can have an upper bound, and in this case the upper bound is the superficial temperature of the sun, which you reach when your furnace system and the sun are at contact with each other.