Cephalopods actually posses the ability to change RNA of their neurons possibly other cells, on the fly. Unlike any other animal on earth. It could be temperature driven, but it also could be memory driven. So far it's unknown.
I'm trying to demonstrate how hard it is to even anticipate where such hypothetical creature could start off. For it, electricity would probably come before fire. Or it could discover CRISPR before rockets. This ties to my next point.
Skipping? You seem to think that tech is a hierarchy like a tree. Tech is honestly much more like a graph, where every hypothetical race starts at different corners, and moves towards higher energies.
Also graphene isn't too hard to create. Just take a piece of charcoal and an adhesive strip...
Rockets are A way. A way we invented. They aren't necessarily the only way. Nothing says you can't grow your space elevator. Or just launch the elevator with a strong enough railgun.
Yes, and that professor had a subquestion for every answer given. So do you.
In summary, sure there are obstacles, but nothing insourmountable. Worst case scenario they just reinvent rockets and enjoy low gravity environment. Which is similar to their natural habitat.